ISSN 1392-6144
Animal Husbandry. Scientific Articles. 2007. 50. P.
UDK 637.3
Review
ANALYSIS OF MILK QUALITY PARAMETERS INFLUENCING CHEESE PRODUCTION
Rimgaudas Ramanauskas, Raimondas Narkevičius
Food institute of KTU
Taikos pr. 92, LT-3031, Kaunas, Lithuania
Danguolė Urbšienė
Institute of Animal Science of LVA,
R. Žebenkos str. 12, LT-82317 Baisogala, Radviliškis distr., Lithuania
Summary
The paper presents information on the specific requirements as regards milk
composition and its qualitative indicators necessary for cheesemaking. Special
attention is paid to casein concentration and the quality of its separate
fractions as the main components that that influence the production output.
Protein genotypes and their effects on the technological properties of milk are
discussed. The information an the importance of microflora control and effect of
main factors on milk quality is presented. Requirements that characterize milk
suitability for cheese production are presented.
Key words: milk quality, cheesemaking, milk protein
ISSN 1392-6144
Animal Husbandry. Scientific Articles. 2007. 50. P.
UDK 636.2.082
INFLUENCE OF THAWING TIME ON BOVINE SEMEN QUALITY
Vidmantas Pileckas
Institute of Animal Science of LVA,
R. Žebenkos str. 12, LT-82317 Baisogala, Radviliškis distr., Lithuania
Summary
After recovery of the straw from liquid nitrogen, rapid semen thawing is highly
important. When straws are transferred from liquid nitrogen into a water bath,
part of straws start exploding because the space between the end of the straw
and the plunger or the glass ball is filled with nitrogen and after the straw
has been placed into a water bath of 38-400C, the temperature
difference amounts to 234-2360C. In this case, there is always a
possibility of hermetic damage, i.e. the ball is being pushed put or the straw
damaged. The solution to this problem is holding of the straw up to 5 seconds in
the ambient temperature after recovery from nitrogen and liquid nitrogen
disposal from the ends of the straw. Any temperature fall following semen
thawing has a negative effect on the physiological response of spermatozoa.
However, if the temperature after semen thawing rises evenly till it reaches
normal body temperature values, the qualitative indicators of the semen are
usually higher than those of the semen being thawed up to 50C.
The coefficient of spermatozoa motility changes has been introduced as a
supplementary indicator that defines the ratio between sperm motility after 5 h
storage at 38±0.50C and post-thaw sperm motility. The more this
ration is close to one, the higher is the quality of semen.
Keywords: semen, straw damage, thawing, quality
ISSN 1392-6144
Animal Husbandry. Scientific Articles. 2007. 50. P.
UDK 636.4
EVALUATION OF SEMEN PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND FERTILITY OF THE BOARS USED
IN LITHUANIA
Artūras Šiukščius, Jonas Kutra, Vidmantas Pileckas, Rasa Nainienė, Algirdas
Urbšys
Institute of Animal Science of LVA,
R. Žebenkos str. 12, LT-82317 Baisogala, Radviliškis distr., Lithuania
Summary
The study was designed to analyze the reproductive traits of various pig breeds
kept in Lithuania with respect to fertilization and litter size. Besides, semen
usage and fertilization data from separate boar breeds have been collected and
the physiological parameters of semen and its suitability for cryopreservation
determined. Semen usage analysis indicated that the usage of Large White boar
semen was the highest and accounted for 31.1% (P < 0.05). Pietrain boars were
second in this respect. The analysis of the reproductive traits indicated that
the fertilization rate of pigs bred in Lithuania accounts for on average 64.7%,
the lowest pig fertilization rate being 44.4% and the highest up to 93.65%. The
average litter size of the sows in Lithuania is 10.6±0.25 piglets. The study of
the physiological parameters of semen indicated that the semen of Large White
boars was most qualitative (ejaculate volume was 315±45.32 ml, concentration –
0.24±0.09 milliard/ml, initial sperm motility – 79.3±4.87%, pathologic
spermatozoa count only 20.1±5.62% (P<0.05).
Keywords: reproduction, pigs, fertilization, litter size, semen, freezing
ISSN 1392-6144
Animal Husbandry: Scientific Articles. 2007. 50. P.
UDK 636.3.082
PHENOTYPIC AND GENOTYPIC HETEROsIS OF LANDES AND RHEIN GEESE AND THEIR
HYBRIDS
Sigitas Janušonis, Robertas Juodka, Violeta Razmaitė, Birutė Zapasnikienė
Institute of Animal Science of LVA,
R. Žebenkos 12, LT-82317 Baisogala, Radviliškis distr., Lithuania
Summary
Landes ganders were paired with Rhein geese in order to determine the degree of
heterosis according to individual productivity traits and blood polymorphic
systems of Landes and Rhein geese breeds and their hybrids. The results from the
study indicated that at 8 weeks of age, true and hypothetical heterosis of live
weight of hybrid geese were, respectively, 1.2 and 3.1% (P < 0.01), while at 52
weeks of age correspondingly 1.3 and 7.6% (P < 0.001). True and hypothetical
heterosis of laying rate were, respectively, 0.6 and 1.3%, while those of egg
weight, respectively, 0.5 and 1.0%. The study of the blood serum polymorphism of
the breeds indicated that Rhein geese had influenced the allelic frequencies of
albumin and postalbumin loci. Landes geese were dominantly by prealbumin and
macroglobulin loci. Hybrid geese were different from Landes and Rhein geese by
pretransferrin and posttransferrin protein loci.
Key words: hybrids, true heterosis, hypothetical heterosis, gene loci,
allelic frequencies
ISSN 1392-6144
Animal Husbandry. Scientific Articles. 2007. 50. P.
UDK 636.082
THE ESTIMATION OF COEFFICIENTS FOR THE MILK-RECORDING OF COWS
Danguolė Urbšienė, Algirdas Urbšys
Institute of Animal Science of LVA,
R. Žebenkos str. 12, LT-82317 Baisogala, Radviliškis distr., Lithuania
Summary
The means of the coefficients presented in this paper are based on the
statistical analysis of twice and thrice milking data of cows on the farms
representing Lithuanian black-and-white and Lithuanian red cow populations.
The study of twice milking indicated that all the coefficients, except that of
milk quantity estimation, were not affected by any of the physiological,
zootechnical or management factors. It has been found that the application of
the At method for the twice milking scheme allows to use milk yield estimation
coefficients (2.026 and 1.975) common to both breeds during their p.m. and a.m.
control milking and the fat and protein yield coefficients should equal 2.
The study of the thrice milking scheme indicated that there were significant
differences between production estimation coefficients that were influenced by
five factors: time of control milking (daytime, evening or morning), milk yield
at the specific time, age of cows in lactations and lactation stage and housing
season (in confinement or at pasture). Most of the coefficients were dependent
only on the time of control milking. The p.m. and a.m. control milking
coefficients were respectively most and least influenced by the other factors.
All the production estimation coefficients were found to be not affected by the
milking intervals.
Key words: production of cows, control methods, milking routine
ISSN 1392-6144
Animal Husbandry. Scientific Articles. 2007. 50. P.
UDK 636.2.084
FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF WHOLE-CROP CEREALS SILAGE
FOR DAIRY CATTLE WHEN OFFERED ALONCE
Jonas Jatkauskas, Vilma Vrotniakienė
Institute of Animal Science of Lithuanian Veterinary Academy
R. Žebenkos str. 12, LT-82317 Baisogala, Radviliškis distr., Lithuania; e-mail:
pts@lgi.lt
Gauta 2007-06-10; priimta spausdinti 2007-12-21
Summary
Traditionally cereals in Lithuania have been dried and processed prior to
feeding to farm animals. Alternative options available to farmers for harvesting
and storing of whole crop cereals may provide opportunities to reduce feed costs
and thereby increase income and to make grain harvesting more flexible. In trial
was examined the effect of chemical additive AIV-2000 S (AIV) on the
fermentation characteristics, aerobic stability of whole-crop winter wheat,
spring barley silages and the effect of barley whole crop silage on feed intake
and milk production of dairy cows.
Chemical treatment gave the higher water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) contents
and produced the most aerobic stable whole crop silages compare with untreated
silages. AIV treatment restricted fermentation of barley and winter wheat
silages and gave the lower organic acids content (P< 0.01) without butyric acid
and decreased the content of ammonia (P<0.01) in silages. Fermentation loss of
AIV whole crop silages were lower than that of not treated (P<0.01, P<0.025).
Although the addition of AIV enhanced the nutritive value of whole crop silages
and lead to higher DM intake and improve performance of milking dairy cows.
Key words: whole crop cereals, additive, silage, fermentation, dairy cows
ISSN 1392-6144
Animal Husbandry. Scientific Articles. 2007. 50. p.
UDK 636.2.084.637.5
THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING SUGAR BEET PULP SILAGE ON THE GROWTH, MEAT PRODUCTION
AND QUALITY
Petras Bendikas, Virginijus Uchockis, Vytautas Tarvydas, Saulius Bliznikas
Institute of Animal Science of LVA,
R. Žebenkos str. 12, LT-82317 Baisogala, Radviliškis distr., Lithuania
Summary
Two analogous groups, each of eight Lithuanian Black-and-White fattening bulls,
were used in a feeding trial at the Institute of Animal Science of the
Lithuanian Veterinary Academy. Bulls of the control group were fed a diet
consisting of 1.0 kg hay, grass and maize silages ad libitum, 3.0 kg wheat and
barley meal (1:1) mixture and 0.1 kg mineral-vitamin premix. Bulls of the
experimental group were offered the same amounts of feedstuff's except that
grass and maize silages were replaced with sugar beet pulp silage ad libitum.
Sugar beet pulp silage was made in a clamp covered with plastic sheet, and was
of high quality with lactic acid prevailing (57.5 g/kg dry substance content)
and dry substance digestibility in vitro being 90.5%. The content of
metabolizable energy was 11.12 MJ/kg d.s. and that of crude protein 116.3 g/kg
d.s. Bulls fed sugar beet pulp silage gained daily 1440 g or 33.9% more than the
bulls fed grass and maize silages. Masses and dressing percentage of both
carcass and abdominal fat were higher for bulls fed sugar beet pulp silage in
comparison with the control bulls. There was a tendency towards improved
chemical composition of the meat and Musculus longissimus dorsi of the bulls fed
sugar beet pulp silage. All the other meat quality indicators were similar in
both groups. Beef was of high quality, and the price of feed per t of weight
gain was 35.2% lower when feeding bulls with sugar beet pulp silage.
Key words: sugar beet pulp silage, fattening bulls, growth, meat
production and quality
ISSN 1392-6144
Animal Husbandry. Scientific Articles. 2007. 50. P.
UDK 636.5.085.637.4
THE IMPACT OF A NATURAL ANTIOXIDANT CAROTENOID LYCOPENE ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL
INDICES OF HEN EGGS
Vytautas Sirvydis, Rasa Bobinienė, Diana Gudavičiūtė, Inga Kepalienė, Ramunė
Čepulienė, Vytautas Semaška, Danius Vencius
Vilnius Pedagogical University,
Studentu str. 39, LT-08106 Vilnius, Lithuania
Summary
The study with laying hens at of 33 and 48 weeks of age was carried out at the
Research Laboratory of Biological Diversity and Technologies of Vilnius
Pedagogical University and on the farm laying hens AB "Vievio paukštynas".
The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of non-refined palm-oil
containing a plant antioxidant carotenoid lycopene supplement on the
morphological indices of eggs of laying hens.
The study indicated that supplementation of the hen diets with 50% of non-refined
rapeseed oil at a dose of 0.45 kg of oil / ton of feeds and 50% of non-refined
palm oil containing 10% of lycopene resulted in higher egg weight, weight of egg
yolk and white and egg shell thickness (P<0.05). Besides, this supplementation
of the diets influenced higher content of dry substances both in the yolk and
white (P<0.05) and also higher colour index of the yolk (P<0.05).
Eggs enriched with lycopene supplement could be attributed to functional food.
Keywords: laying hens, eggs, antioxidants, lycopene, morphological
indices of eggs, functional food
ISSN 1392-6144
Animal Husbandry: Scientific Articles. 2007. 50. P.
UDK 636.4.083
THE EFFECT OF THE GROWTH ENVIRONMENT OF SUCKING PIGLETS ON WEIGHT GAIN OF
GROWING-FINISHING PIGS
Remigijus Juška, Violeta Juškienė
Institute of Animal Science of LVA,
R. Žebenkos 12, LT-82317 Baisogala, Radviliškis distr., Lithuania
Summary
In 2006-2007, a study was carried out with two-month old crossbreed piglets on
the pig farm in Skėmiai to determine the effect of the growth environment of
sucking piglets on their further weight gains. After weaning at 2 months of age,
indoor born and outdoor born and raised pigs were raised indoors till the end of
the finishing period. From 2 to 4 months of age the pigs were raised in littered
pens with 1.16 m2 area per pig. From 4 month of age, the pigs were
raised in unlittered pens with 1,34 m2 area per pig. The study
indicated that weight gains of both groups of pigs from 2 to 4 months of age
were similar. However, in the finishing period from 4 months of age, pigs born
and weaned outdoors gained daily on the average 0.09 kg (P=0.018) more than the
pigs born and weaned indoors. In the period from weaning till slaughtering, the
average weight gain of the pigs born and weaned outdoors was 0.05 kg (0.038)
higher than that of the pigs born and weaned indoors. The relationship between
the piglet weight at weaning and further pig growth indicated that from 2 to 4
months, the weaning weight of piglets born and weaned indoors had no influence
on their further weight gains, while the weaning weight of the piglets born and
weaned outdoors had affected further growth of the pigs from 2 to 4 months of
age (r=0.055, P=0.024) and during the whole experimental period (r=0.47,
P=0.056).
Key Words: piglets, pigs, growth, rearing conditions
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